American Shaolin 1

In American Shaolin, Matt, the main character has a defining characteristic of being idealistic. To be idealistic one has to be merely honest. The concept of idealism is to act or practice of envisioning things in an ideal form. This idealism is rapidly seen in first chapter of book one, Matt develops a list of things wrong with him, he annotates the following, â€Å"Things that are wrong with Matt: 1. Ignorant 2. Cowardly 3. Still a boy/not a man 4. Unattractive to the opposite sex 5. Spiritually confused (14). Matt wrote the list at age fifteen, which was back when he was a bully’s favorite target. Since the beginning of the book Matt seemed to point out that he was â€Å"weak. † It was mentioned a numerous amount of times that throughout his school years Matt was a ninety-eight pound boy, which one knows is not heavy at all, so it’s very easy for bullies to pick on him if they wanted to. Referring back to the list Matt wanted to change himself, he wanted to o ne day become a tough fighter that would be able to protect himself in similar situations to those the same he had faced from his past. In doing so he took action and decided to take a year off college, Princeton, and use that same college money to travel to China. Matt was on a mission to find the Shaolin Temple. He had figured out that in order to break out of the shell of being bullied he wanted to study the martial arts of kungfu. â€Å"[He] had been taking kungfu classes since freshman year, because when [he] was nine years old [he] had seen a rerun of David Carradine’s Kung Fu and was never the same again (15). He didn’t figure this out alone, with the help of Professor Gu, he made his decision. Are you afraid of chi ku? † Professor Gu asked â€Å"Eat bitter? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"No,† I lied†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Then you must go to the Shaolin Temple (16). † Although Matt did not have the support he wanted, his idealistic mind did not stop him. He was going to do what he set his mind on. In taking money from his college fund he was really taking action for what he wanted to do. Not onl y was it something his parents did not agree it, but it was something he had to go through alone, which one can say depicts the â€Å"cowardly† part off the list. Although he claims to have been a coward since grade school, if Matt was truly a coward he would have not taken that big step in life all on his own. But since this was something he did want, he did the actions to make his dream possible. Not only does he manage to get to China alone, but he has to find his way alone. All he can do is ask directions it doesn’t take a coward to confront random people, whom don’t speak English, and ask them for help in a different continent in which one is new to. Although he claims to not be so good at his Chinese, Matt seems to get plenty of compliments of how well he does speak the language. â€Å"Aiya, you speak Chinese! † she cried clapping her hands to her mouth â€Å"Just a little. † â€Å"Your Chinese is so good! (16)† Since the beginning Matt seemed to cross off â€Å"ignorant† from his list all on his own. Since his junior year of high school Matt decided to take steps forward and become a very successful person. He felt that although he was only at his junior year of college, he was done with college. As I finished, I leaned my head back in my chair with pride, and the list flashed in my head. I was suffused with a sweet glow of success (14). † After having the feeling of relief Matt soon started to feel like he needed to work on eliminating more of the factors wrong with him from the list. That is when Matt’s idealistic mind take role and speaks for itself. His steps to going to China were g etting closer, [his] obsession with kungfu had led to an interest in Chinese culture†¦ [He] was all flight ad no fight (15). As much as Matt was learning about the Chinese culture to link with â€Å"unattractive to the opposite sex he learns that â€Å"because the Chinese tend to hit puberty later (at fourteen to sixteen) and because it is a sexually conservative country, especially in rural regions, the Chinese don’t usually start dating before they are eighteen†¦It was common for Wushu Center monks who had reached the peak of their power to find a special female friend to focus the extra energy they no longer needed to improve their kungfu skills (116). Matt has an open mind and is learning much from his time in China. One can say that if things go well for Matt, maybe after he’s completed his kungfu training he might just find that one girl who will make him cross off his factor from the list. Towards the middle of the book Matt sets an example of how he was a coward, when one day he had a conversation with Coach Cheng and he was asked if he was afraid of being hit, Matt replies, â€Å"The pain. † He looked at [him] for a long time. When you were little, did they beat you? His question caught [him] off guard. [His] eyes got hot. â€Å"Classmates? † [He] nodded (161). † Matt shows that he is being idealistic because he really wants to change the way things have been from his childhood, he doesn’t seem to give up. His actions speak louder than the words he himself speaks. With his mind set in moving forward, he is acknowledging more wisdom as every day goes by. To be idealistic is take action as to for one wants to accomplish in their lives. Matt has shown that he is very idealistic by going to China to study kungfu. Generally, Matt's idealism is negotiated throughout his character, affecting his decisions to change the way he is and the way he will be for the rest of his life. If it wasn’t for his idealism, Matt would not be where he has gotten so far, he would have been back at home lacking the experience he went through still depicting about how he lived a bullied childhood. Matt's idealism developed from the moment he was back at home to now when he lives in China.

Nursing Shortage

Six years prior to the publication of Spetz and Given, reports of the US media indicate a shortage of registered nurses (RNs) in the US. In that article too, forecasts see the continuity of this trend, such as that of the Bureau of Health Professions projecting a shortage of 800,000 nurses by 2020. However, Buerhaus et. al. suggests that the nursing shortage may actually be satiated, with hospital RNs’ employment and earnings â€Å"increasing sharply in 2002.† No matter how we look at it, whether or not the shortage is easing, the problem of shortage is there. The question now is, what causes the shortage of registered nurses? Spetz and Given discusses four reasons that account for the shortage of registered nurses, first of which are licensure delays. Since World War II, nursing shortages have occurred cyclically, and this led to the birth of studies regarding labor markets. They (Spetz and Given) found most of these studies agreeing on the point that â€Å"the delay between people’s choice of the nursing profession and the time they are licensed as nurses is a central reason for these recurrent shortages.† Poor working conditions also account for the shortage of RNs, and this includes wage and benefits in general. Not much was mentioned by Spetz and given, but they have cited that these are â€Å"a primary cause of nursing shortage.† Aiken et.al. gives a more detailed explanation, stating that nurses spend an â€Å"inordinate amount of time in nonnursing tasks† resulting from â€Å"poor work design, underinvestment in information and other nurse-saving technologies.† They further add that is associated with high levels of nurse burnout and dissatisfaction. The third reason for the nursing shortage is comprised of wages and demand. Spetz and Given maintains that â€Å"demand for RNs should decline as RNs’ wages increase during a shortage,† and they have seen evidences showing that wages do affect demand. However, there are reasons for demand to be not responsive in today’s labor market. Two of these reasons are the reluctance of health care institutions to reduce staffing, and the growing number of RN Unions that want to maintain, if not to expand, the current staffing levels. Another scenario relating to the issue of wages and demand is seen in Aiken et.al., where it was mentioned that â€Å"the Philippines is the leading primary source country for nurses internationally by design and with the support of the government.† A motivator for Philippine nurses to migrate to other countries is higher wages, which cannot be earned in the local setting. This may account for the shortage that the country itself was experiencing, as Aiken et.al. found that â€Å"there are more than 30,000 unfilled nursing positions in the Philippines.† Last of the causes of the nursing shortage, as discussed by Spetz and Given, are exits from the RN workforce. According to them, the magnitude of retirements poses the question of whether it is possible to raise the number of new RNs to meet future demands. One solution to the nursing shortage, and maybe the most popular today, is to recruit foreign nurses. Spetz and Given consider this to be only a short-term option as it is expensive and the WHO reports majority of the countries experiencing nurse shortages, thereby putting a pressure on hospitals to limit foreign recruitment. Buerhaus et. al. goes farther to discuss other issues relating to the employment of foreign RNs to meet US health care demands. They cite impediments such as â€Å"likely negative impact on wages,† â€Å"quality of care,† and foreign policy. Another solution suggested by Buerhaus et. al. is to retain older RNs. In order to do this, facilities of health care systems should be designed so as to minimize physical strain. According to them, â€Å"altering schedules (working fewer hours), developing new roles (becoming mentors to younger RNs), and offering economic incentives can help to retain older RNs.† But among the three broad types of policy responses that Buerhaus et.al. suggested, I find increasing the flow of RNs in the workforce to be the most responsive, because that is exactly called for by the situation. This can be done either privately or by the government through raising money to increase faculty salaries and scholarship grants, and expand the physical learning space of nursing students. WORKS CITED: Aiken, Linda, Buchan, James, Sochalski, Julie, Nichols, Barbara, and Mary Powell. â€Å"Trends in International Nurse Migration.† Health Affairs 23.3 (2004): 69-77. 25 November 2008, http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/23/3/69?maxtoshow=&HITS=60&hits=60&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=nursing+shortage&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT Buerhaus, Peter, Staiger, Douglas, and David Auerback. â€Å"Is The Current Shortage of Hospital Nurses Ending?† Health Affairs 22.6 (2003): 191-198. 25 November 2008, http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/abstract/22/6/191 Spetz, Joanne, and Ruth Given. â€Å"The Future of the Nurse Shortage: Will Wage Increases Close the Gap?† Health Affairs 22.6 (2003): 199-206. 25 November 2008, http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/22/6/199 Nursing Shortage This paper aims at analyzing the consequences of understaffing nurses. Some of the outcomes I observed this semester are nurse burnout and dissatisfaction that arise due to nurse shortage. The focus of this context is on the socio-economic impact in the nursing field, ethical bias, legality of the matter and psychological interference that have adverse impact to the nurses, patients, clinical working field and the nursing sector. In this paper, I will look at some of the problems associated with the nursing profession. NURSES WORKING AND CONDITIONS These are stipulations and circumstances, which enhance persistence and commitment to work comfortably as a nurse, with all due satisfaction and dignity for human life, for better supply of work force toward a proper medical care to the patients. NURSE BURNOUT This is a character associated with nurses when they become psychologically or emotionally exhausted to attend the patients. This is because of being overworked, exploited, due to fatigue or due to dissatisfaction in their field of work. INTRODUCTION In order to curtail on the trauma of nurse shortage, I would like to say that nurses’ shortage only creates some awareness that patients are at risk of substandard health care and the working nurses are being overworked. This is because in this semester, I have observed that small nurse/patient ratio does not guarantee for better patients’ outcomes and assurances of proper health services. When nurses become physically exhausted due to being overworked, they cannot perform their duty efficiently. Nursing is a professional course and a career that need to be addressed from all perspectives, to encourage proper working conditions for the nurses in order to have a maximum labor output for the wellbeing of the patients. EXECUTIVE DISCUSSION Actually, overworking nurses by allowing them to work for long hours and overtime makes nurses to be susceptible to making prescription errors. This is highly exaggerated when the salary income does not correspond with the work nurses do. However, if these errors occur, it is contrally to the nurses’ professional ethics, it is illegal to prescribe a wrong dosage to a patient and again there is abuse of human rights in that the patient can suffer psychological torture if he realizes that he was specified a bad prescription. This is what raises the legal issue of nurses. Because of such mistakes, nurses are forced to spend too much money in hiring private lawyers or insuring themselves against such bias. Beside legal issues, wrong prescriptions of drugs leads to wastage of medicines that could be used by another patient effectively, hence wastage resources since medicines are among the most expensive items. Additionally, Wrong prescription of drugs can lead to loss of life, retardation or other body malfunction. This can cause more harm to the Nation by losing individuals. If overall effects of such errors were analyzed, the conclusion would be wastage of time when prescribing wrong dosage, wastage of resources and drugs, loss of human labor and abuse of human rights. Therefore, there would be bleach of law, socio-economic impact and denial of safe health care. Eventually, this would be a great loss to the nation and the impact is felt in the near future. Therefore, means of solving the above problems need to be realized. I think labor motivations, recruitment of more nurses and retention of the registered nurses should be encouraged in order to maintain successful dedication of nurses to their nation as they work smoothly without strain. Understanding of the staffs’ requirements and avoidance of understaffing in this sector is of paramount importance. According to the article on â€Å"Allied Health Source and ProQuest Nursing†, the executive summary is that nurses are not satisfied in their career. Due to this outcome, some of the repercussions are that physically exhausted nurses do prescribe wrong dosage to patients or they may prescribe right drug but misguide patients on how to use the drugs. Another outcome is that most nurses are leaving the nursing profession and pending nurses are not willing to join the sector. Low level of job satisfaction is the main reason as to why most nurses are migrating to other fields of employments. This again leads to understaffing of hospitals leading to high death rate, failure to provide safe and effective care to the patients. Eventually this results to failure to rescue the patients from undesired death especially in the surgical department where the patients are not rescued. From the same article on nurse staffing and hospital outcomes (Linda H. and Julie S.),it is found that the dissatisfaction is caused by law salary income, poor working conditions such as nonflexible hours of work that do not give married nurses time to look after their siblings. Another finding is that starting salary or wages do not increase with the prolonged period of work, therefore, there is successive exploitation to the nurses. According to the article on â€Å"Allied Health Source and ProQuest Nursing†, work conditions that affect the outcomes of nurses involve lack of labor motivations such as baby boomer packages, failure to provide flexible working hours for the nurses, failure for the government to provide scholarship to nurses who want to advance their knowledge on this career. According to the same article by Linda H. and Sean P. pg 4, nurse burnout is the main consequence of overworking staffs and it can lead to more outcomes. Actually, patients/nurses ratios that are more constructive result to lower nurse burnout and high job satisfaction among the registered nurses. Understaffing nurses can extremely influence patients’ outcomes. Working conditions that affect the outcome of nurses include poor working conditions such as understaffing that leads to overworking the nurses without paying them their due overtime. (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) < www.ahrq.gov> Another condition that affects nursing profession is failure by the health ministry to provide encouraging packages to the nurses and other benefits. These benefits involve giving nurses flexible working hours such that they can concentrate on their family matters or providing nursing homes for their children and care. Other factors include lack of offering free seminar services to the nurses in order to update and sensitize them on the need and benefits to be a nurse and to encourage those leaving the sector to rejoin it. Lack of recognizing their efforts and contributions to this sector is another issue that does not address their working conditions. Nurses must also be insured in order to safeguard their wellbeing and protection in their line of duty. Finally, lack of labor motivations to the nurses such as gifts, prizes and awards to the best performing nurses is something that derails their morale and dedications to be a nurse and can lead to nurse burnout. In this semester, I have also observation that there is high nurses work overload and low technology application. Therefore, there is need to mitigate death rate and increase retention of staffs (nurses) in hospitals. More number of nurses to patients’ ratio can lead to a better patient outcome. Therefore, work force balance for the nurses is maintained in order to enhance proper working conditions for the nurses. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE My experience with the nursing profession tells me that nursing career is not an easy profession the way most people perceive. It needs a call to be dedicated in this service. Note that nursing involves taking care mostly to sick people from casualties to labor ward and mostly contamination is a loaming threats to the nurses. Therefore, the nurse should have a maternal feeling and concern of the high level in order to safe lives strictly obeying the code of ethics. PROPOSAL FOR CREATIVE SOLUTIONS Mostly labor motivation is the main tool to fight decrease of nurses from nursing sector. These will include providing nurses with proper and flexible working hours or services that are more rewarding. Another way is by means of helping them to solve family matters or factors that lead to their failures to work comfortably. These include if possible giving nurses services of caring for their children, the aged or by providing nursing homes to them with free or minor charges. Another solution is to offer aided scholarship to those nurses willing to advance their career especially in areas where more nurses are needed e.g. in gerontology and provision of geriatric clinicians. Again, nurses should be hired or employed from different regions irrespective of ethnicity and racial segregation. Application of latest technologies in nursing sector and outsourcing can be tried to improve working conditions in this sector. Some of the proposals that address outcomes for the nurses are varied to improve the outcomes for the patients. Understaffing of nurses indirectly affects the outcome of the patients. Therefore, proposals for outcomes of the nurses are determining factors to improve the outcomes of the patients.   Mostly labor motivation is the main factor to fight decrease of nurses from nursing sector and this can improve the outcomes of the patients. These will include providing nurses with proper and flexible working hours or services that are more rewarding. By allowing nurses to work comfortably, nurse burnout can be avoided, hence patients can be attended with all due care because nurses wont be exhausted. Patients should be allowed to interact freely with the nurses to air their problems and complications. Again, patients should accorded all due respect in their treatment and assured of life continuation through proper medical care. Application of latest technologies in nursing sector and outsourcing can be tried to improve working conditions in this sector. CONCLUSION Some of the problems associated with the nursing profession include poor working conditions that have effects to both the nurses, patients and the nursing sector at large. After analyzing these problems, I have decided to draw a conclusion that creative solutions and labor motivations are the major factors that need to be addressed in order to safe the situation as far as nursing career is concerned. REFERENCE: Burnout, staffing and outcomes of nurses, retrieved on 7TH NOVEMBER 2007, available at www.ahrq.gov Dohm A, â€Å"Gauging the Work Force Effects of Retiring Baby-Boomers,† Monthly Labor Analysis (July 2000):17-25 National union for Nursing, retrieved on 7TH NOVEMBER 2007, available at www.discovernursing.com   Strategies to repeal the New Nursing scarcity, retrieved on 7TH NOVEMBER 2007, available at www.aacn.nche.edu      

The Double Helix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Double Helix - Essay Example As a result, a replication of the original DNA is achieved with the parent and daughter molecules having exactly the same properties. The double helix in the complementary based pairing therefore ensures that daughter molecules derive exactly the same characteristics as the parent molecules (Teerikorpi, Valtonen, Lehto, Byrd and Chernin, 2008). The phrase, ‘two strands of DNA in the double helix are antiparallel,’ means that the strands run in opposite directions. This is because of properties of the different structures of the strands that ensure the opposite directions for bonding in the double helix strands (Strachan, 2003). If the strands were parallel, the ends of the double helix strands would have similar properties. This would result from the strands pairing with both strands aligned in the same direction as opposed to the opposite directional stranding of the ‘antiparallel’ double helix strands (Behr,

What is wrong with the idea that human visual perception is achieved Essay

What is wrong with the idea that human visual perception is achieved by a single area of the brain that simply reflects the cisual information coming from the e - Essay Example the optic nerves which consist of about a million nerve fibers and contain axons arising from the inner, ganglion-cell layer of the retina (Guyton & Hall, 1996; Waxman, 2000). The arrangement at the optic chiasm allows the left hemisphere to receive visual information about the contralateral half of the visual world and vice-versa (Guyton & Hall, 1996; Waxman, 2000). Moreover, the fibers of each optic tract synapse in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and from here, the geniculocalcarine fibers pass by way of the optic radiation to the primary visual cortex in the calcarine area of the occipital lobe (Guyton & Hall, 1996). The most important cortical region for visual processing is Area V1 in the occipital lobe because it is the first stop in the cortex and almost all of the signals that the other cortical regions get must pass through it which is why Area V1 is often referred to as the primary visual cortex or striate cortex (Coren, Ward, & Enns, 1999). Hubel and Wiesel found cells in the cortex with receptive fields that have excitatory and inhibitory areas and are arranged side-by-side rather than in a center-surround configuration (Goldstein, 2007). Simple cortical cells are cells which have these side-by-side receptive fields mentioned previously and these cells respond best to bars of a particular orientation (Goldstein, 2007). Other kinds of cells in Area V1 are even tuned to more complicated pattern properties of the stimulus such as complex cortical cells which respond best to movement of a correctly oriented bar across the receptive field, and at an even more complicated level of analysis than the complex cells are hypercomplex or end-stopped cortical cells that respond not only to the orientation and direction of movement of the stimulus but also to the length, width, or other features of shapes, such as the presence of corners (Coren, Ward, & Enns, 1999; Goldstein, 2007). Simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells are refer red to as feature

Does Age Matter in Relationships Research Paper

Does Age Matter in Relationships - Research Paper Example The general trend that is most often observed in our society is when the man is older than the woman which is quite acceptable however; problems can arise if the opposite happens. Nonetheless, it is never impossible to be in a relationship which encompasses age differences as long as the couple understands each other and possesses the capability to resolve issues in case there are any. (Furman, 2000) It should be understood that here when we took about age, it does mean the physical changes that it imposes on the person; it is rather the maturity and change in the mental level that is under consideration. In a relationship, it does not really matter as to who is older and who is younger as long as there is compatibility and the maturity level matches. That is how it is often seen a 50 year old falling for someone who is half the age. An individual reaches a certain maturity level considering the various life experiences, hardships as well as personal beliefs and all this has no parti cular age limit whatsoever. One of the factors that can build or break a relationship is the common interests shared by the two people. The secret to successful relationships is mostly the similarity and convergence that exists between the hobbies and activities of individuals. Like it is said, birds of a feather flock together; this notion holds true for relationships too and is the key to most of the successful and prosperous relationships. However it does not mean that it is necessary for the couple to have similar interests, this is only possible in perfect situations which clearly do not exist. What’s more important is to share some time together doing things that interest both. One of the things that hold importance when it comes to carrying relationships with major age differences is to determine whether it will be a hindrance in doing particular activities together such as hiking, skiing, travelling etc. (Douglas, 2002) While at one point the things that contribute to a healthy relationship may be mental compatibility, similar interests and hobbies, same career choices or merely the love factor. If looked from the other point of view, the picture has a completely different dimension to it as well. The most significant among them being the biological factor, which alters the needs and priorities of people owing to their age and experience. While at one point of life, one of the two people in the relationship may want to live life to the fullest while the other might want to keep the pace slow. In some cases where women are older than men, women have to face a lot of criticism and deal with the pressures coming from the society. Biological factors such as woman’s incapability to reproduce due to old age are also inevitable and can stain the relationship if the man is not understanding and supportive and also if the issue has not been discussed before. (Jennifer, 2008) The common trends in a society, personal experiences and beliefs also pla y a great role in determining and deciding what the possible age difference should be. Women tend to be inclined towards older men owing to the fact that they are mature, well settled, and seeking for a serious and long term relationship which is quite contrary to the attitude of younger men who are non serious and are not sure of what

Acting Out Culture by James S. Miller Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Acting Out Culture by James S. Miller - Essay Example People choose what to believe, what to where, where to work, and even the kind of children they would like to have, if they had the authority! This materialism is rated as bad by some academic critiques who believe that the ideal world should be a world where people have few choices, and therefore ‘happy’ lives! But would the economy allow for that? And would the acquisition nature of man and the absolute power of bills set people upon the same path of diversity as we understand? The very fact that nature places want upon a person, reflects the materialistic nature that is man. Without needs, there is no innovation, no commerce, basically no need to live. It is consumers who drive a market that is controlled by products prepared in the industry. And as such, economy slowly turns on its hinges. Humans are capable of creating their own societies and placing their wants and needs around that society, we can see, in David Brooks assertion, that the society, is getting more a nd more focused on the individual needs and wants, so much so that the collective thought of diversity in America, is but a dream. Indeed, in own words, "†¦human beings are capable of drawing amazingly subtle social distinctions and then shaping their lives around them". It is indeed possible, that individualism is the reason industry thrives, but at what cost? In this essay, we shall see the effects of materialism on the diversity of America. The question is; does this materialistic nature bring people together, or drives them further apart? Quoting Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929), James Twitchell in â€Å"Two Cheers for Materialism, attempts to solidify the fact that people in the society are growing further apart as a result of these needs; He asserts says, â€Å"If we had fewer choices, we would be happier, there would be less waste and we would accept each other as equals" Though needs provide security in attainment, they are not a source of permanent happiness, and such th ey incur the creation of classes and clusters, and the need to be at comfort. Reality is materialism brings with it 'me' that person who so desires to satisfy his own and protect his turf. That person who believes that there is no one better than 'ME!' the individual, created to find solace in no one but himself. In this very belief, it is imputable that the requirement that some society would feel 'Me' better, has effectively led to segregation of the races, professions, and ultimately classes. The crux of the staple is that the desire by people to be around places they fit in has created that vacuum of consideration for other people who hold different professions, skin color, and even opinions. As such the estates, the cities and the communities in ‘human nature’ have ended up forming, or rather conforming to the desire of ages; to be like someone your own. The hierarchy of needs propelled by Abraham Maslow, puts self-actualization as the highest in satisfaction of ma n’s desires and needs, and states that if indeed in a lifetime these needs are met, then there is the tendency of creating new needs, to satisfy the arousal of new desires. Man being so consumed by desire has become so\elf centered and choosy with friends and acquaintances, the lack of which render a man useless. In this sense and with the help of the Bell curve, it is concluded that we, live in absurdly unlikely groupings because we have organized our lives that way. So even though we feel that it is wrong for our children to go to Harvard and yet other children though bright can’t go to college, it is also very important to us to note the presence of such opportunities and bask in their glory, if we can afford it. It follows that the

Comparative Analysis of suicide in Japan and UK Essay

Comparative Analysis of suicide in Japan and UK - Essay Example There has been a variation of these rates between different countries and regions (NEERAJA 2008, pg23). The variations of the suicide rates between different countries are mainly because of different economic and social conditions that exist in these countries. The Asian countries over the recent years have recorded higher numbers of suicide than their western counterparts. Although the data for these deaths seem inaccurate in the Asian countries, various indicators have shown that they rate higher, some reports rating it as high as 60% of the overall suicides in the world (NOCK 2013, pg31). Japan, for instance, has experienced a surge in its suicidal mortality rates since the 1990’s (NEERAJA 2008, pg53). This has brought much particular attention to the Government and its policy makers. Globally the suicidal rate indicates a higher suicide rates on males as compared to females. Comparing to their female counterparts in the same age groups, males from different age groups have been characterized by high suicide rate (BARKER 2004, pg24). Over the centuries, it has been important to consider this factor in order to be able to develop preventive measures. To develop proper mitigation strategies, it is important to study the variations especially with times and different regions. The causative factors should be reviewed on a broader perspective to help counter this menace. Failure or success of these strategies has failed to be measured on single aspects like that of mental illness and/or disorders. This is because of the multifaceted issue, and a lot of other factors have been known to contribute to it (OCARROLL & PARK 2007, pg22). The healthcare provisions relating to the suicide menace has been more comprehensive and fruitful in the UK when comparing it to Japan (NEERAJA 2008, pg81). According to most published reports, Japan has rated higher in the suicidal rates as compared to

Natural Rights and John Locke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Natural Rights and John Locke - Essay Example According to the research findings rights are normative fundamental rules that delineate what people are allowed to do and what is owed to the people. These demarcations are carried out on the basis of some ethical theory, legal system or some kind of social convention. The domain of rights spans legal, social and ethical principles of entitlement and freedom. Rights in themselves are considered fundamental to civilisation and are taken as pillars of culture and social living. There are a number of different perspectives on rights that have evolved over time and are now used to deal with this issue. One of these perspectives on rights is that of natural rights that has gained currency over centuries. Any rights that are not dependent on laws, beliefs, culture, customs, government or other such features and are thus universal and inalienable in nature are better known as natural rights. These rights stand in contrast to legal rights that are bestowed on an individual through the autho rity of the law or through a political or legal framework. In this sense, these legal rights are relative and specific within the context of the culture and government implementing them. Natural rights on the other hand are universal and inalienable and do not require any frameworks to support themselves. The domain of natural law is closely associated and is considered an extension to natural rights. The theory of natural law was used to challenge the divine rights of kings during the Age of Enlightenment. The domain of natural rights was used to provide justification for and to establish government, social contract as well as positive law that in turn provided for legal rights through classical republicanism. Anarchists have used the idea of natural rights to confront the legitimacy of establishments of all kinds (Rothbard, 2003) (Rothbard, 2006). Some schools of thought have related human rights closely to natural rights while other schools of thought tend to recognise no differe nce between human rights and natural rights. Although there are common features between both domains but some thinkers have kept both domains separated in order to eliminate association between both (Jones, 1994). In particular the domain of natural rights are considered to be beyond the authority of any establishment such as governments or international bodies such that these establishments cannot dismiss these rights. Natural rights have been enshrined into international soft law through the use of instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In the twentieth century, the domain of natural rights has attracted the interests of philosophers and legal scholars alike. There has been added interest in the natural rights of animals especially in recent decades. It must be kept in mind that the natural rights of human beings are distinct from the natural rights of animals (Dershowitz, 2004). This text will attempt to track the evolution of natural rights from antiquity to the political thought of John Locke who can be seen as a prominent proponent of natural rights. The perspectives on natural rights will be elaborated and then compared to the political philosophy of John Locke in order to gauge a fair comparison. 2. Evolution of Natural Rights Throughout history legal rights have had an undeniable existence as all societies possessed some form of legal frameworks to keep social order in check. In a similar manner the idea that certain rights are bestowed by nature and are inalienable date back to antiquity to at least the age of the Stoics from late Antiquity. The domain of natural rights figured prominently in Catholic law during the early part of the Middle Ages and can be seen as evolving through the Protestant Reformation as well. This evolution continued through the Age of Enlightenment and into the modern day (Zuckert, 1994). 2.1. Antiquity The concept of natural rights

Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Archaeology - Essay Example kler believes that for a creature to grow culture to a point that it can devise its way of life seems to offer freedom, but that freedom is a trap, and that freedom for any existing society is anarchy in a cooperative system of these societies. Anarchy — exceptional in the life history - makes inevitable a power struggle amongst societies. This perpetual competition, together with open-ended cultural innovation possibilities, inevitably drives social evolution towards an unchosen direction, according to the author: ways of life which do not confer adequate power, regardless of how civilized intrinsically, are eradicated, while the power ways are relentlessly spread throughout the system (Schmookler, 93). The author says that he experienced the vision containing his idea 1970, and the book developing the vision got published in 1984. In between those years, he asserts that he had conducted research in the many diverse relevant study areas to check out the main thesis and the various subordinate hypotheses that forms the components of the general theoretical edifice. Schmookler relies on schematically nursed parable to lay down his argument: how one aggressive tribe among an otherwise peaceful group can force the spread of power, civilization and involuntary cultural evolution. The author offers the reader with a model that makes his / her predicament comprehensible, and that is what makes the book important. It supplies pieces missing from a great puzzle (Schmookler, 83). While human well-being could be incidental to one foremost social- evolutionary force, there remains room for human ambition to dictate the other part of the evolution story. I therefore argue that not that Schmookler’s work has been the only force directing civilization evolution but only that it stands out as an extremely important factor. Civilization evolution can be seen as a dialectic between the organized selection for power and human striving for a civilized world, between the

The Diminishing Roles for Women in American films Essay

The Diminishing Roles for Women in American films - Essay Example The issue of gender inequality is seen in the minimal number of women behind the scenes, that is directors and writers. The fact that men compose the biggest percentage of writers and directors greatly impacts on what is shown. Men will therefore have a chance to influence how women are portrayed and the role they wish them to play. This is why most women are given minimal roles such as secretaries and homemakers. According to the same study published in the Los Angeles times, women characters are more likely than men to wear sexy clothes, expose their skin and to be referred to as being attractive. What this means is that Hollywood is a follower and not a leader in the feminist movement and the realization of gender equality, in the film industry. It is like the film industry in the United States is in a world of its own, in comparison with the other industries .In the same breath women are allocated supporting roles, while men are given the main roles. This under representation cou ld falsely make one to believe that men are more than women. The diminishing role of women is seen in the many stereotypes geared towards women, which are prejudice. This trend was started in the nineteen fifties and continues to grow. Actors such as Audrey Hepburn were mainly given sexual and seductive roles. Beauty standards of women in the film industry are predetermined by the industry which favors white females who have a slender frame, characteristics which are hard to achieve by many females, especially other races. This is why the number of actresses from ethnic groups such as those from the black community is minimal. According to Martha Plimpton, an actress, it is harder for a regular looking woman to get a job, than it is for an â€Å"ugly’’ man. Essentially this means that it is much harder for women to get into acting because success for them in the industry is based on looks. Stereotyping in role allocation is impacting negatively on women in the film in dustry in Hollywood. Women are usually depicted as victims and men as the victors. A good example is the war movies and documentaries in which men are given the main roles. This is despite the fact that women are usually the ones who bear the biggest brunt of war and, and determine the directions that most wars take. Films always portray women as the victims of men to be raped or abused. This makes them seem weaker compared to men. People are exposed to such perceptions from an early age, which influences perceptions of boys towards girls from childhood to maturity. Girls and women are portrayed differently in movie roles from when they are teenagers to maturity. Teenage girls are cast as being of strong characters and adult women as being weaker and highly sexualized. Actresses are given scenes that show that women are hostile to each other, and their friendships as being backstabbing in nature, while male friendships are strong and supportive. Female roles in movies are usually to stand with by their husbands and children, and do household duties. Actors roles are usually strong, aggressive and competent, on the other hand women’s roles are usually weak, vulnerable, so that they need protection (O ‘Connor, 1998). Leadership positions are usually left to male actors who also act as the main breadwinners to their families

Early Italian Renaissance Essay Example for Free

Early Italian Renaissance Essay The intellectual concepts as well as the trends during a particular period in time are manifested in various ways. One means by which the situations in a specific time frame could be express is through the arts. Arts in the form of paintings, statues, and even in the construction of church or basilicas also symbolize the kind of thinking during the era that they were created. This is evident during the early Italian renaissance wherein the art forms during that time embodies the intellectual concerns of their society. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia (2007), the art forms created in this geographic part of the world that is now known as the country of Italy. The art works produced in this country have motivate the public interest and participation that is why there is a continuous production of monumental and spectacular art forms. In relation to this, Italian works of art has almost always been related with the intellectual as well as the religious events of the time. Furthermore, Italian art has been continuous source of inspiration for many people. The early Italian renaissance art is characterized by its observance of the medieval art, which gives priority to religious traditions and belief. However, it introduced a new idea, which is the importance given to the value and capability of the human person. This kind of mentality is the main idea that the renaissance period emphasized. Great artists like Guido of Siena, Cimabue, and Duccio di Buoninsegna have created many paintings that retain the Byzantine conventions that adhere to religious arts but they also established a new naturalism and a direct importance to human emotions in their art. This is greatly exemplified by the sculpture of Nicola Pisano as well as the fresco painting of Pietro Cavallini in Rome (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). The early Italian renaissance is the starting point wherein various art forms flourished. It was also during this time that paintings exhibit a new life and warmth that is similar to the intellectual revolution that is happening in the country in the light of renaissance. Reference ________. (2007). Italian Art. The Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 1, 2008, from http://www. bartleby. com/65/it/Ital-art. html.

Pulmonary Hypertension And Physical Therapy Health And Social Care Essay

Pulmonary Hypertension And Physical Therapy Health And Social Care Essay The aim of this study is to clarify physical therapys role in rehabilitating pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients, by explaining PH with regard to its history, etiology, prevalence, anatomy of pulmonary arteries, definition, subgroups, patophysiology, its causes, how it is diagnosed, and its signs and symptoms. History  Ã‚   Pulmonary Hypertension was first discovered in 1981 by Dr. Ernst Von (4), but it was already getting attention in 1970s in Europe (3), and in the 1990s PH arise again in the United States along with the release of weight loss drugs (3). The natural history of  primary pulmonary hypertension  was evaluated in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) registry from 1981-1987. Of the 194 patients included in the study, 63% were female and 37% were male. The mean age was 36 years, with no ethnic differences. The median survival after diagnosis was 2.5 years (2). Etiology Pulmonary hypertension can be a result of many conditions and drugs. These include: left heart failure (diastolic dysfunction), parenchymal lung disease with hypoxia, sleep apnea, connective tissue disorders, and pulmonary embolism (1). In addition using appetite suppressants such as fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine may be associated with an increased risk of P.H.; also cocaine or amphetamine ingestion may be another contributing factor (2). Prevalence One study has shown that the frequency of PH in adults is predicted to increase, based on the high proportion of pulmonary hypertensionrelated deaths and hospitalizations has occurred among adults aged >65 years, especially if the patient was diagnosed with chronic heart failure (6). Another study has indicated that PH is still rare, with a prevalence of 30-50 cases per million (7); the rate of primary pulmonary hypertension  is approximately 2 cases per million individuals in the general population; while secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension  is dependent on its etiology (2). Most of cases of primary PH are sporadic, but 10% of them are familial (2). According to the World Health Organization, idiopathic PAH is rare and has a prevalence of 6 per million in France. PAH that is associated with other conditions has prevalence of 15 per million (15); idiopathic PAH accounts for at least of 40% of cases, and associated PAH for most of the remaining cases. IPAH is twice as common in women as in men, with a mean age of diagnosis of 36 years (7). This prevalence is higher in specific risk groups: 0.5%, in HIV infected-patient, 0.5%, in patients with  sickle cell disease, and up to 16% in patients with systemic sclerosis (7). Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary arteries It is critical to know the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries (PA), so the patho-physiology can be understood; the pulmonary arterys function is to carry venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs (9). It is one of the terminal branches of pulmonary trunk, and it is divided into the right PA and left PA (8). The RPA is longer than the LPA. The LPA pierces the  pericardium and enters the hilum of the left lung, but the RPA passes transversely across the midline in the upper chest and passes below the  aortic arch  to enter the hilum of the right lung(8). Definition PH is defined as high blood pressure in the lungs arteries and the right side of the heart (10), which can damage the lungs irreversibly, and cause failure of right ventricle(8). In normal individuals, the pressure in the pulmonary arteries is lower than the pressure in the systemic circulation, and if it has increased abnormally, it is considered as PH, which is due to constricted or stiffening of the pulmonary arteries (11). PH groups A patient, who has pulmonary artery pressure which is higher than 25 mm Hg at rest, and more than 30 mm Hg during activity, is considered to have PH (12). The world health organization has divided PH in to five groups (12). The five group classification is a new system, because PH used to be classified into primary PH and secondary PH (12). This new system is based on the underlying cause of PH (12). The first group of PH is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); it is divided into three subtypes: familial PH, idiopathic PH, and associated PH (1). Familial PAH is inherited and a person has it in his/her genes from parents (12). Idiopathic PAH has no known cause (12). The last subtype is the associated PAH, which is caused by different conditions, such as congenital heart disease, HIV infection, diet medications, drugs, toxins, portal hypertension, thyroid disorders, and connective tissue disorders (1, 12). The second group is PH with left heart disease (1, 11, 12). The problems that affect the left side of the heart are valvular heart disorders (mitral valve disease), and atrial or ventricular heart disorders (chronic high blood pressure) (11, 12). The third group is PH associated with lung disorders, hypoxemia, or both. These lung conditions can be alveolar hypoventilation disorders, COPD, chronic exposure to high altitude, developmental abnormalities, interstitial lung disease, or sleep-disordered breathing. The fourth group is pulmonary hypertension which is due to chronic thrombotic or embolic disorders, and it includes nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism (tumors, parasites, and foreign materials), thromboembolic obstruction of distal or proximal pulmonary arteries, and sickle cell anemia (1, 12). The fifth and last group of PH is the miscellaneous type (due to vario us other diseases or conditions), such as compression of pulmonary vessels by adenopathy, fibrosing mediastinitis, lymphangiomatosis, pulmonary langerhans cell granulomatosis (histiocytosis), sarcoidosis, or tumors (1, 12). Pathophysiology of PH As mentioned previously, PH occurs when the systolic and mean pressures in the pulmonary arteries exceed 30- 20 mm Hg, respectively (2). At some point, it hypertrophizes smooth muscles, remodels vascular walls and vasoconstricts vessels (1); this vasoconstriction is a result of increased activity of thromboxane and endothlin-1, which are considered as vasoconstrictors, and decreased activity of prostacycylin and nitric oxide as vasodilators (1). These changes and the imbalance in the production of endothelial-derived vasoactive-mediators are both vital for the causation of PH (13). The PH physiologic mechanism is either an increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) or increased pulmonary venous pressure (PVP) (1). The damage of the pulmonary vascular bed or vasocnstriction due to hypoxia can lead to increased PVR, but vascular obstruction can cause PVP to increase, and increased PVP will further injure the endothelium (1), and that will develop dysfunction of the pulmonary vascula r endothelium, which may worsen PH (13), because injury on the endothelium will activate coagulation at its intimal surface (1). Causes PH is the result of variety of factors and conditions, although in the case of idiopathic PH, the causes are not known (1, 12). Lung and heart disorders are the most common cause of PH(1). Examples are emphysema, failure of left heart ventricle, recurrent pulmonary embolism (1,12), scleredoma,(12), mitral valve disease, (13), pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, Langerhans cell granulomatosis (histiocytosis), neurologic diseases involving the respiratory muscles (1), chronic low blood oxygen levels with  sleep apnea. Left-sided heart failure as a cause of PH will not happen unless one of the heart valves does not work properly, the left ventricle is stressed by high blood pressure, or a heart attack or some other disorder involving the heart diminishes the ability of heart muscle to pump (1). Pulmonary and lung arteries linings undergo change at cellular level, and these changes affect artery functions, leading to lung diseases and pulmonary artery changes which includ e tightening of arteries walls, or these walls get stiffened at birth or from outgrowth of cells, or blood clots in the arteries; all these will make it harder for the heart to pump blood through the arteries in to the lungs (13). Other causes of PH include dermatomyositis, systemiclupuserythematosus,  sarcoidosis,  human immuno-deficiency virus  (HIV),  advanced  liver disease, Sickle cell anemia (12, 13), use of anti-obesity drugs; cocaine  and  methamphetaminescan (1,12, 13), obesity with reduced ability to breathe (pickwickian syndrome) , extensive loss of lung tissue from surgery or trauma(1). Also PH can be genically inherited through parents (12, 13). Diagnosing PH In a patient suspected of having PH, diagnosis is confirmed with a family history, a physical examination, and diagnostic tests, and procedures (11). The physical examination is done by auscultation, inspection of swelling in the legs and ankles (11), examination of the jugular vein in the neck for engorgement, examination of the abdomen, legs, and ankles for fluid retention, and nail beds for cyanosis (13). Diagnostic tests include electrocardiogram (ECG), chest radiography, echocardiography, testing for connective tissue disorders and other conditions, ventilation perfusion scan, pulmonary function testing, and assessment of functional status, right heart catheterization (13), pulmonary angiogram, blood test, and over night oximetry (13, 11). If the ECG indicates abnormality, it suggests right heart failure (12), and may indicate right ventricular hypertrophy and strain (13), or presence of PAH. Abnormalities include right axis deviation, right ventricular hypertrophy and strain pa tterns, and right atrial enlargement (13). Chest radiography indicates any enlargement in the right heart ventricle or pulmonary arteries (11, 13), and it is mostly found with idiopathic PAH patients; however asymptomatic PAH has normal radiographic findings (13). The testing of connective tissue disorders is by serologic testing, and to test the presence of conditions such as scleroderma, CREST syndrome mixed connective tissue disorder, and systemic lupus erythematosus (13). Ventilation perfusion scan is another diagnostic tool to detect blood clots in pulmonary arteries (11, 12) and it is used to diagnose and differentiate between thrombo-embolic PH and idiopathic PH (11, 13), with sensitivity of 90% to 100%, and specificity of 94% to 100% (13). Pulmonary function testing is used to diagnose chronic obstructive disease (COPD), which can be a cause of PH (11, 12); it is also used exclude airway and parenchymal lung diseases, which can contribute to the development of pulmonary hype rtension, but these findings are not specific (13). The functional status of PH patient should be assessed with a 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise test (12, 13); the 6-minute walk test determines exercise tolerance level and blood oxygen saturation level during exercise (16). A cardiopulmonary exercise test measures heart and lung functions during exercise on a bicycle or treadmill (12). The gold standard to confirm the diagnosis of P.H. is right heart catheterization (11); it is useful in assessing the severity of pulmonary hypertension (13). It is done by inserting a catheter into the femoral nerve or into the subclavian nerve. The catheter is connected to a device that can monitor and measure blood pressure in the right side of the heart and pulmonary arteries (11). Right-heart catheterization can also determine mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean right atrial pressure, and cardiac index; another use of it is excluding other etiologies of pulmonary hypertension, s uch asintracardiac shunting and left-sided heart disease (13). The response of certain medications, such as acute vasodilators, can be assessed during right heart catheterization (11, 13). Other additional tests used in diagnosing PH are various types of blood testing. These are complete metabolic panel (CMP) to examine liver and kidney function, autoantibody blood tests, such as ANA, ESR, and others to screens for collagen vascular diseases, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) screening, HIV test, arterial blood gases (ABG), complete blood count (CBC) to test for infection, elevated hemoglobin, and anemia, and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) (16). To detect sleep apnea nocturnal oximetry or overnight oximetry may be used; it is common to have low oxygen level during sleep with P.H. patient (12, 13, 16). Signs and symptoms In the early stage, PH is asymptomatic or have no specific signs or symptoms (11, 14). These symptoms and signs include cough, fatigue (11) dizziness, fainting and a bluish cast on lips and skin (14), shortness of breath, tiredness, chest pain, a racing heartbeat, feeling lightheaded, swelling in legs and ankles (12). These can be indications for any other disease. As a consequence of non-specificity, diagnosis will be delayed; and the mean time from symptom onset to diagnosis is about two years (13). The symptoms of PH are manifestations of impaired oxygen transport and reduced cardiac output, and the most frequent symptom is dyspnea, which occurs in 60% of patients (13). As symptoms advance, patients complain of dyspnea, exercise intolerance, fatigue, chest pain, and angina (13, 11). Most PH patients get right ventricular hypertrophy, followed by dilation and right ventricular heart failure (1). The symptoms of right heart failure include peripheral edema, abdominal distension, dec reased appetite, early satiety, profound dyspnea, exercises intolerance (13). Other signs include systolic ejection murmur across the pulmonary valve, increased jugular venous pressure, tricuspid regurgitation, hepatomegaly and ascites, and peripheral edema (13). Other physical signs are cyanosis (point of presence of right to left shunting), decreased cardiac output, impairment in intrapulmonary gas transfer, and pulmonary congestion and left sided heart disease, while decreased breath sounds and wheezing are suggestive of fibrosis and pulmonary parenchymal disease (13). Treatment The medical treatment program starts with the avoidance of activities that may exacerbate condition (1), and it is generally includes taking medications, making lifestyle and dietary changes, and maybe having surgery (16). Medications are also used, depending on the type and severity of PH (16). PAH is treated by oral Ca channel blockers (verapamil), endothelin-receptor antagonist (bosentan-ambrisentan- sildenafil  ), ,  digoxin,  diuretics, and oral  anticoagulants (1, 4). The other PH types  involve management of the underlying disorder. Patients with pulmonary hypertension from left-sided heart disease may need surgery for valvular disease. Patients with lung disorders and hypoxia benefit from supplemental O2 as well as treatment of the primary disorder.Patients with severe pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic thromboembolic disease should be considered for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Under cardiopulmonary bypass, organized endothelialized thrombus is dissected along the pulmonary trunk in a procedure more complex than acute surgical embolectomy (1). Vasoactive substances in general are used in treating different groups of PH. This category of medications includes prostaglandins, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and activators of soluble guanylate cyclase (4). The surgical solution can be one of these options, either atrial septostomy, lung transplantation, or pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (4, 16). PT role The PT role in PH is more rehabilitative in nature more than therapeutic, and it has different programs customized to each patient, and depends on the clinic or hospital approach. Pulmonary rehabilitation, according to Salt lake regional medical centre, is an outpatient program which will help the patients to learn lung self care, and easier breathing (19). In this centre, complete diagnostic testing is provided, and it includes ECG, chest x-ray, echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests, 6-minute walk tests, nuclear lung scan, CT scanning of the chest, right heart catheterization (19). In the North West therapy centre, assessment is done at the beginning by a team, including respiratory therapist, physical therapist, and  social worker. The respiratory therapist focuses on breathing mechanics, education, aerobic conditioning and endurance for improved efficiency, pacing, and medication mechanics. The physical therapist helps in strengthening exercise, balance training, walking mech anics, postural education, energy conservation, assigning a home exercise program to maintain strength and coordination gains, looking for orthopedic complications to therapy, and makes appropriate adjustment to plans of treatment. The last member of the team is the social worker who is considered as a resource center for services in community. These services include helping in smoking cessation, supporting for adjustment, grief, depression, and socialization disorders, weight management, nutrition support, and cognitive behavioral therapy (20). Pulmonary rehabilitation (21) Since physical therapy provides rehabilitation role, the PH patient should go through a pulmonary rehabilitation program, which is an individually designed intervention program, including exercise  and education that helps patients manage the symptoms of their condition and improve their level of daily functioning and well-being (3). This program will be discussed from different aspects its purpose, basic components, precaution, process, patient preparation, and expected results. The goals The purpose of this program is to help increase the fitness level of the patient and independent functioning, reduce dyspnea, slow down or prevent the development of disease, and improve quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation and cardiac rehabilitation walk complement each other because the main purpose of cardiac rehabilitation is to reverse the de-conditioning and psychosocial enhancements of pulmonary disability. Components Pulmonary rehabilitation has basic treatment components and they are breathing exercise, coughing, percussion, postural drainage, and vibration. Breathing exercise helps in removing secretions, relaxation, and to increase thoracic cage mobility. This exercise is done by teaching the patient to produce a full inspiration followed by a controlled expiration, while placing a hand at the end of rib cage and under the chest for sensory feedback. Coughing is also for secretion removal but from larger airways and it is done through steps. The patient should inhale, close the glottis, contract the expiratory muscle, then open the glottis. Both breathing exercise and coughing are done when the patient restore the ability to breath normally. Percussion is usually used with postural drainage and both are used to mobilize secretions retained in lungs. Percussion is a rhythmic clapping of cupped hands over bare skin or thin material covering area of lung involvement, performed during inspiration and expiration. Postural drainage is a technique that involves gravity by positioning the patient to have the involved lung segment be the uppermost, which will assist in mobilizing the secretions. Another therapeutic technique is vibration, which is intermittent chest wall compression over area of lung involvement, performed during expiration only, and used along with postural drainage. The later three techniques are used when coughing or suctioning, breathing exercises, and patient mobilization are not adequate to clear retained secretions. Precautions and contraindications As with any other treatment precautions and contraindications should be taken in consideration in case of PH patients during their rehabilitation program. A patient should get full medical examination before setting the program. In some cases when a patient has a medical issue, it may interfere with the treatment and limit the exercises. In this case, the program should be modified. Conditions that may contraindicate participation in pulmonary rehabilitation include acute respiratory  infection,  ischemic cardiac disease, congestive  heart failure,  serious  liver  dysfunction, disabling stroke, severe psychiatric or cognitive disorders, severe pulmonary hypertension,  and metastatic  cancer. Rehabilitation process Pulmonary rehabilitation is a punitive, expansive program of education, exercise, and behavior alteration, individually designed for patients with lung diseases. The rehabilitation program is designed to help patients learn more about their condition and how to concert its symptoms, as well as to take active steps, such as smoking cessation, oxygen use, and exercise. This program aims to improve the patients level of physical functioning, stop the advancement of the disease as much as possible, and learn how to better live with the condition. Improved physical functioning, reduction in the symptoms of the disease, and ability to fulfill activities of daily living (ADLs) more easily and independently can add to improved quality of life. Rehabilitation program A typical program takes a few weeks to a few months, and takes to three hours per session for a few days each week. During these sessions the patient should learn to manage the program independently, as home program. Patients participating in rehabilitation could be inpatients or outpatients. A daily program should consist of two main components, and they are exercise and education. The purpose of the exercise is to maintain or improve muscle strength, endurance and overall fitness. In order to prescribe an exercise, blood pressure, heart  rate, oxygen saturation, and dyspnea levels should be evaluated, also exercise has to be monitored by physical therapists, respiratory nurses, or other qualified health care providers. A regular exercise program can upgrade overall fitness and energy, and make fulfillment of ADLs easier. The exercise program includes periods of warm-up and cool-down period, and aerobic activity. The warm-up and cool-down periods may include stretching and light strength or resistance training. Exercises involving upper and lower extremities are important for general fitness and for improvement in function during different activities. Some of the muscle groups used in arm and upper torso positioning serve respiratory functions, and thus upper limb exercises can also have a profitable effect on ventilation. The aerobic exercise component is composed of activities such as walking or using a stationary bicycle, treadmill, or other equipment. Exercise is controlled by physical therapists, respiratory nurses, or other qualified health care member. Ventilatory training may also be involved in the exercise program for certain patients. This therapy involves controlled breathing exercises,  chest physical therapy  techniques such as postural drainage, chest percussion, directed cough, and vibration, and training of the inspiratory muscles. The educational component of the rehabilitation program consists of classes, manuals, and counseling or training sessions that cover different subjects, procedures, and issues, which concern patients with PH or any other chronic pulmonary disease. Education is provided by a brand of professionals, including respiratory nurses, respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, social workers, and dieticians. A psychologist or other mental health professional may provide counseling and direction to address mark depression, anxiety, and social isolation, which are related to symptoms of pulmonary disease. Some of the educational subjects covered include anatomy and physiology related to pulmonary function and disease, exercise theory,  nutrition,  techniques for using oxygen and inhalers, and ways to conserve energy. Education related to proper nutrition and weight control can be helpful, because patients may be undernourished and have muscle wasting of the respi ratory muscles, which can make breathing more difficult. If anemia is present, it can decrease oxygen-carrying capacity. Electrolyte imbalances affect cardiopulmonary performance, so these and other deficits should be treated in order to enhance functioning. If patients are overweight, the extra weight increases oxygen and energy consumption and may increase fatigue. Patients who have not yet ceased smoking should be strongly encouraged to do so. Patient preparation After being referred and examined by a physician, a medical history of the patient should be taken by the rehabilitation team, and some tests must be done prior to the rehabilitation program. These tests are pulmonary function tests (PFTs), chest X-rays, arterial  blood  gas (ABG) analysis, pulse oximetry, and sputum examination. PFTs are performed with a spirometer to measure lung performance and indicate the presence and extent of lung disease. A chest X-ray can show emphysema and other lung disease, including  lung cancer,  for which there is increased risk among smokers with pulmonary disease. Pulse oximetry helps determine when supplemental oxygen is required and measures oxygen in the blood. Exercise tests may be used to prescribe the length and intensity of the exercise. Expected complications Risk of complications such as muscle injury or cardiac reactions is always come up with exercise, but will be eliminated by careful exercise prescription and monitoring. Disease-related complications that should be monitored include  fever,  unusual or extreme shortness of breath, irregular pulse, unanticipated weight changes, gastric complaints, or any other change that is unusual for the patient. Conclusion Pulmonary hypertension is indicated when pulmonary artery pressure is higher than 25 mm Hg at rest, and more than 30 mm Hg during activity. PH is due to constricted or stiffening of the pulmonary arteries. PH is classified in to five groups, based on the underlying cause. PH is asymptomatic or has no specific signs or symptoms, but later, the patient may complain of dyspnea, exercise intolerance, fatigue, chest pain, and angina. PH treatment protocol consists of making lifestyle and dietary changes, medications, rehabilitation program, and maybe having surgery. Physical therapy plays an important role in rehabilitating PH patients. PT aims to help increase the fitness level of the patient and independent functioning, through exercise programs and education.

Information Seeking Behavior Of Nursing Students Clinical Nurses Nursing Essay

Information Seeking Behavior Of Nursing Students Clinical Nurses Nursing Essay Objectives: this article focus on behavior of clinical nurses and nursing students when they seeking information and use information resources to get medical information and how that effect there information behavior and health sciences librarians Methods: we used questionnaire e, interview and observation o f twenty clinical nurses and twenty-three nursing students. Results: we found 14 -70 % of clinical nurses and 17-74% of nursing students browsing internet and 17 85 % of clinical nurses are daily ,and 20-78% nursing students are daily but 80% of clinical nurses do not use Database and 78% nursing students do not use Database, in other side more than 50% of both groups said library satisfy our need and 76% of clinical nurses prefer to use printed and digital resources in parallel and 81% of nursing students prefer to use printed and digital resources in parallel . Many of clinical nurses and nursing students like to communicate doctors and professors because they trust them. but in fact browsing internet is the most one used between them. Conclusions and Recommendations: 14 -70 % of clinical nurses and 20-87% nursing students are browsing internet but 80% of clinical nurses do not use Database because 45% of them do not have skills to deal with Database. for that 95% of them supported to undergo training courses to Acquire the skills for dealing with Database. an other reason that Prevents them from using is 40% of them do not have access to Medical Database. 56% of them do not have information professional help them Help them get their needs Informatics and they want them to be in their working place. Nursing students do not use Database because 43% of them do not have skills to deal with Database. for that 96% of them supported to undergo training courses to Acquire the skills for dealing with Database. an other reason that Prevents them from using is 35% of them do not have access to Medical Database. INTRODUCTION clinical nurses and nursing students are need for medical, health, specialized and accurate information to solve uncertainty or uneducated situation of their knowledge to be able to provide services for institution. clinical nurses trust their doctors and head nurse which make 8 40% of clinical nurses like to communicate with them, Nursing students trust their professors which make 9 43% of nursing students like to communicate with them. 10 50% of clinical nurses are communicated daily and 12 60% of their information need are satisfied through communication. 11 48% of nursing students are communicated daily and 14 61% of their information need are satisfied through communication. But Cheryl Dee, PhD found in his study on University of South Florida that human resources is the most one clinical nurses and nursing students use it not like our study. Due to the fact that some nursing students see their Scholastic Books Somewhat old and their field always need for new and updated information, 17 -74 % of them browsing internet and 20 87% are daily, 4 17 % of them like to bay new electronic and printed Magazines that include medical articles rated by 8 35 % monthly, 4- 20% of them attend Medical conferences and seminars rated by 10 43 % monthly. In the other hand 14 -70 % of clinical nurses browsing internet and 17 85% are daily, 4 20 % of them like to bay new electronic and printed Magazines that include medical articles rated by 7 35 % monthly, 4- 20% of them attend Medical conferences and seminars rated by 8 40 % monthly. Scientific researchers Noticed the increasing of use electronic resources, especially the Internet and electronic Database . But within that situation 80 % of clinical nurses and78% nursing students do not able to use Database because 40 % of clinical nurses and 35% of nursing students do not have access , 45 % of clinical nurses and 43% of nursing students have lack skills, 10 % of clinical nurses and 9% of nursing students said some D.B. have bad design and other reasons that appear in chart below. Table 1 Barriers of using databases Clinical nurses (n=20) Nursing students(n=23) 96% of nursing students are supported to undergo training courses to Acquire the skills for dealing with Database. With that training courses they Acquired the skills necessary to deal with D.B. in order to satisfy their information need and provide services. 44 % of clinical nurses and 40% of nursing students do not have specialized information professional to help them in satisfying their information needs. And they want information professional to be there to helping , studying and improving their information behavior. Related studies: 1-There articles Reviews of how doctors and nurses is search for on the internet are relatively rare, especially where research examines how decide whether to use Internet-based resources. Original research in the online searching behavior is also rare, particularly in real world clinical settings. as is original research into their online searching behavior. This review collates some of the existing evidence, from 1995 to 2009. There are appear to be no statistically significant differences between the reasons why doctor and nurse seek the internet .Reasons to search for information on the Internet on a large scale is the same: patient care in the first place and CPD (continuing professional development). 2- Also, There are studies observe nurse of the patterns of their on-duty information behavior. The result is Nurses Patient-Chart Cycle which describe the activities during their shifts on regular rotation between the interaction with patient and planning with patient . The behavior of nurses has changed significantly between the interactions with the planning and interaction with the patient. And focused attention on specific information of the patient. They had almost no time or opportunity to consult published sources of information while on duty. Libraries often provide nurses with information services that are based on academic models of information behavior . Is designed more clinical information systems for recording medical and legal aspects of conservation of nursing care. Understand the reality of nurses information about behavior and the on-duty may guide designers of system and libraries in the provision of more appropriate system and services. METHODS This study resulting from cooperation of a group from imam university information professionals under graduate and National Guard Hospital and Specialist Hospital and Habib health center and student in Nursing Administration, Oncology Nursing, Psychiatric Mental Care Nursing and First Aids. In all that centers and hospitals that we allayed our study on time is most major they care with, then Electronic tools and internet connection, then skills and authorization for access is importance and it was Available to them at different levels and qualities and limitations. Fact funding techniques that we use are: First: Questionnaire was for the clinical nurses and nursing students. we ask them about usage and likeability of each available resource, using Database and skills needed for that and their barriers. Second: interview with clinical nurses and nursing students to explain some cases in Questionnaire. Third: Observe clinical nurses and nursing students information behavior to help, study, improve their information behavior. RESULTS Use of specific information resources Browsing internet is the most resource used by clinical nurses and nursing students are among 8 other resources because they always want updated information. But Cheryl Dee, PhD found in his study on University of South Florida that internet is not the most used one because they believe in not every think in internet is true except format blogs. Then human resources is the second because clinical nurses and nursing students trust their doctors, professors and head nurse but usually there is no time to discussion. So that information resources is the second not the first. But in Cheryl Dee, PhD study on University of South Florida human resources is the most used one because their doctors and head nurses like to discuss and discover new fields together. Books is the third not because all clinical nurses and nursing students are like it , because some of their official Prerequisite them to read it. Where in Cheryl Dee, PhD study on University of South Florida clinical nurses and nursing students there are like to read it and extend there knowledge and they are believe in books have basics that clinical nurses and nursing students should have. Journals and conferences is fourth because some of them do not have time, others can not go and some of them do not like to bay health journals. But in Cheryl Dee, PhD study on University of South Florida clinical nurses and nursing students work on fined time to attend health conferences and they like Scientific debates and perspectives Database and personal resources is the last one because of lack skills, knowledge and accessibly. Bu in t Cheryl Dee, PhD study on University of South Florida clinical nurses and nursing students really care with Obtaining skills and raise their personal scientific ammunition. The flowing chart show rate of using each resources. Table 2 Rate of using different resources Clinical nurses (n=20) Nursing students(n=23) Electronic resource clinical nurses and nursing students have IT tools, internet connection, but major two cases control their usage of resources in time and skills. The flowing chart show rate of frequency using time of resources. Table 3 Clinical nurses and nursing students frequency of use of health information sources Related studies 1-There articles Reviews of how doctors and nurses is search for on the internet are relatively rare, especially where research examines how decide whether to use Internet-based resources. Original research in the online searching behavior is also rare, particularly in real world clinical settings. as is original research into their online searching behavior. This review collates some of the existing evidence, from 1995 to 2009. There are appear to be no statistically significant differences between the reasons why doctor and nurse seek the internet .Reasons to search for information on the Internet on a large scale is the same: patient care in the first place and CPD (continuing professional development). 2- Also, There are studies observe nurse of the patterns of their on-duty information behavior. The result is Nurses Patient-Chart Cycle which describe the activities during their shifts on regular rotation between the interaction with patient and planning with patient . The behaviour of nurses has changed significantly between the interactions with the planning and interaction with the patient. And focused attention on specific information of the patient. They had almost no time or opportunity to consult published sources of information while on duty. Libraries often provide nurses with information services that are based on academic models of information behaviour . Is designed more clinical information systems for recording medical and legal aspects of conservation of nursing care. Understand the reality of nurses information about behaviour and the on-duty may guide designers of system and libraries in the provision of more appropriate system and services. DISCUSSION Human resources: This study result that clinical nurses and nursing students use human recourses. In questionnaire , It was 60% of both groups use human resources . While 30% of nursing students use human resources at least once a week, but 35% of clinical nurses did the same. In interview, they explained why they used them?. They said consulting them ,because it is the fast way to get reliable and accurate information. But Cheryl Dee, PhD found in his study on University of South Florida that the human resources is the most resource use of both group ,because their doctors and head nurses like to discuss and discover new fields together. Also ,they believe that human resource is way to get reliable and accurate information is not like our study. Print resources: Also , this study result that clinical nurses and nursing students use print resources . In questionnaire , It was 70% of both groups based on print resources. We found 15% of clinical nurses using books daily. Only 13% of nursing students did the same. Also we found 20% of clinical nurses read the scientific journal daily. only 17% of nursing students did the same . In interview, they explained why they used print resources like human recourse. They said that because the print resource easy and convenient to access and most reliable. But Cheryl Dee, PhD found in his study on University of South Florida that the print resources is most and preferred recourse used because its provided easy and convenient access to information. Also they notice they preferred this resources because they available more than other recourses. Table 4 Barriers of using databases: Clinical nurses (n=20) Nursing students(n=23) Electronic resources: Electronic resources gives nurses update and quality information. In questionnaire, It was 70 % of clinical nurses and nursing students using electronic resources. We found 85% of clinical nurses browsing internet daily ,but 87% of nursing students did the same. Also we found 15% of clinical nurses use Database ,but 17% of nursing students did the same .In interview, they explained why they dont use database .First of all ,because some of them didnt have skills for dealing with Database. An other reason that prevents them from using it that they do not have access to medical database. The less skill nursing tend to familiar Internet resources such as search engines, rather than health information databases that is harder for them. But Cheryl Dee, PhD found in his study on University of South Florida that the use of electronic resource is less resource used because a lot of reasons. First of all, lack of computer , lack of connection to the internet, or may be they have both but do not believe that every thing in internet is true .Also, the use of databases is fairly low because lack of skilled , training, no time, or do not have subscriptions to access. Computer access: We found  that more  than  14-70%  of the  Clinical nurses  and  17-74%  of  Nursing students  prefer  to use  electronic resources  to obtain  the information  they need  in the medical  field,  and providing  ease of  connection  to the Internet. In  contrast,  10%  do not  use  electronic sources  and  databases  in particular,  due to  lack of  training in the  use  of databases  and the  lack of  the necessary skills  to interact  with reduced access  to  databases  or  scarcity  in  use. We have also noted  that many  of the  nurses  and  nursing students  clinical  use of electronic sources  to  retrieve  and research  in the  medical information  they need. Computer and database skills: perception versus reality We found that 70% of clinical nurses are using internet and 10% of them use databases, of whom 20% use e-books and magazines   And also that 47% of nursing students are using internet and 13% of them use databases, of whom 22% use e-books and magazines As we have found from the results of the questionnaire that the use of the Internet on a daily basis, as well as the use of search engines such as Google because its easy to find what youre looking for and put it is the word semantic search and extraction of topics, also found that during the interview stated that the use of the Internet is easy for them  to get the information they need and save them time .. But we find that the databases used them for a few and that because of obstacles is a lack of skills and training to the implementation of the use of databases and deal with it properly addresses the need to get the information they have.  And also through the corresponding one nurses said that has not been trained on how to use databases in the search for easily extracted to the information they need, And also 30% of the nursing students do not have enough time to search databases in fact there is disparity in the use of nursing students to the database and it depends on the previous experience of the individual if found to have previous experience in how to use the database makes it easy to use for the individual. Training needed We have stated that the participants initially reluctant to move away from simple techniques in the search on the Internet to use the features developed .. after the order initial participants worked in narrowing the search through the exercises and focused on topics of their own using limits such as language rights and magazines subsidiary, while adding addresses the Sub- . However, when participants had the research on the topics of personal noticed trainees that about 33% do not work to narrow and limit their search. has revealed the corresponding reasons for reluctance of the initial search and narrow,. The first was the strong influence of search engines on the Internet, because of inflation, the number of information The participants wish to retrieve no two groups have acknowledged in the interview that the practice of searching the database is a way to narrow the scope of the search and in addition has proved many of the stakeholders exercise training to use the database. indicated the interview that it also has a variety of reasons among nursing students and (clinical nurses) to (clinical nurses) benefit from training in order to be able to gain access to the database .. In terms of nursing students was searching the fields to get the information is not clear to them, and they do not have access to the databases after the completion of the study nursing and stated that after training on the use used in useful and beneficial. Both of these groups are keen to access the databases and access to information of high quality with increasing articles. Time factor Through the questionnaires, we found that most clinical nurses and nursing students use the internet as a major source of information on a daily basis and through interviews we found that it is because of using their advanced devices that provide Internet browsing, such as Tablet PCs (iPad) , iPhone, blackberry, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which are easy to carry and Move in each place so it save a lot of time when using it. This reinforced the earlier findings of Cheryl Dee(2005)Nurses are often busy and do not have enough time to search for information from several sources. Need for information Through interviews we found that the most of clinical nurses are usually found their information need is simple, brief answers to questions patients, and with regard to care for health and in these cases they are need only to surf the Internet medical sites to coverage a need of this type and they are in a few cases tends to use of specialized medical databases such as pubmed. This reinforced the earlier findings of Cheryl Dee (2005)nurses Information needs are few and limited to answering the questions of the patients, and health care for them. Nursing students information needs are limited to the field of their study such as the completion of the research or the specific assignment given to them Nursing students reported that they used medical research articles from quality databases for school assignments, but that they needed more concise, factual information resources that were immediately available to them for clinical patient care questions( Cheryl Dee,2005) .They are using Internet medical sites and books to coverage a need of that type. Library use Through questionnaires and interviews, we found that most clinical nurses rarely use libraries to meet their health information needs. This reinforced the earlier findings of clinical nurses with no access to healthrelated libraries at work did not seek out other health sciences libraries for research( Cheryl Dee,2005) . Nursing students tends to use of health libraries frequently as necessary to complete the medical research they are required to complete it in the field of their studies. In contrast nursing students made minimal use of the health sciences library( Cheryl Dee,2005) CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found the results from this study that small-scale human and print resources (print resources) are still preferable to electronic sources of health information for patient care. Has made it clear both nursing students and nurses during my meeting with them the reason for the preference is for ease of use, and that input on the spot to gain access to sources of documented health information, and nursing students arrive to the many sources of health information of high quality, but they tend to use two documents to easily access and awareness of the sources and content. and also nurses have had limited opportunities to obtain health information and rely on their own experiences and to colleagues and story books in the patients they have. This continued popularity of books being sources for patient care to all participants, because the books provide immediate access to summary information. However quickly become outdated The e-books are to meet this need. Both of nursi ng students and nurses needed to improve their information management skills, particularly their database to search for skills. In this study, advanced search skills, was derived mainly from the Internet and as a result, they need more training in the use of unique data base such as research, the determinants and subject headings. RECOMMENDATIONS They recommend the training of health sciences librarians to provide information about libraries and library services to meet the Many medical and educational needs of nursing students and nurses. Can be submitted through their lessons documented in libraries during the most recent sources of information, especially health care (NLMs Pub Med, Medline Plus, TOXNET, and NCIs cancer.gov database) As well as lessons in basic skills to use the computer for the preparation of nurses have the ability to search the database. Consequently, the means of health care to make these resources available appropriately to stories of patients and supervisors must Nursing to encourage nurses to take the advice to go and look at the sources of health care of patients both from the Academy for health sciences librarians and hospitals provide, with time, these libraries in aid of nurses, as well as making a database of Health Sciences New or provide a database for the renewal of information and answer questions in the search features in the database, that belongs to them benefit would therefore be training on the increased visibility of the library and evidence on the ability of Library to meet the needs of the nurses health information. Also recommend the provision of reference books on the floors of patients to nursing supervisors personally, because the supervisors have little time left pati ents floors then your order in time and little to offer them information in the pamphlets. Our interviews revealed in this study, nurses look on the supervisors were not encouraging them to search themselves and their superiors did not participate in the search by using the available literature. Getting information to patients and floors can talk with supervisors be the first step in raising the awareness of supervisors and interest in the library. It seemed to the participants in this study are eager for more access to information of patient care, more training database, and improve computer skills. Health Sciences Libraries opportunity to help meet the information needs of nurses and to help improve their knowledge.

Computer Crimes of Today :: essays research papers fc

Computer Crimes on the Internet Thesis: Emerging with the Internet, a group of elite cyber-surfers have turned into todayà ­s computer hackers. Software piracy is a major crime on the Net. $7.5 billion of American Software is stolen each year. Industrial Espionage is gaining access to remote sites illegally. Stealing of information from corporate sites is extremely illegal. Password Sniffers are used to get someoneà ­s password. IP spoofers changes your identity. Many things can be stolen from companies. III. Email hacking is common. Mail bombs are thousands of messages send to a single address. Email forgery can cause people reputations to get ruined. Anonymous Email is illegal. Fraud is very common. Pyramid schemes are nothing but a scam. Credit card fraud is a half billion dollar a year scam. Computer viruses are destructive to computers. Computer viruses can be attached to Email messages. 99% of all computer viruses are detectable. Computer Crimes on the Internet Its the 90à ­s, the dawn of the computer age. With technology changing and evolving everyday, it may seem hard not to slip behind in this ever changing world. The Information Super-Highway has been following computers throughout the past few years. Along with the Internet, an emerging group of elite cyber-surfers have turned into todayà ­s computer hackers. Most people donà ­t know about them, most people donà ­t know they exist, but they are out there, lurking in the shadows, waiting for there next victim. It can be a scary world out there (Welcome to the Internet). In reality it is not nearly as bad as it sounds, and chances are it wonà ­t happen to you.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many fields of hacking on the Internet. The most popular type of hacking is software piracy. à ¬According to estimates by the US Software Piracy Association, as much as $7.5 billion of American software may be illegally copied and distributed annually worldwideà ®(Ferrell13). Hackers à ¬pirateà ® software merely by uploading software bought in a store to the Internet. Uploading is send information from point A(client) to point B(host); downloading is the opposite. Once it is uploaded to the Internet, people all over the world have access to it. From there, hackers trade and distribute the software, which in hacker jargon is warez.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industrial Espionage is another main concern on the Internet. Most recently, the FBIà ­s World Wide Web page hacked and turned into a racial hate page. Anyone can access files from a WWW page, but changing them is very hard. That is why most hackers donà ­t even bother with it. CNET stated à ¬This Web site should have been among the safest and most secure in the world, yet late in 1996, it got hacked.

Free Essays - Holden and Modern Teenagers :: Catcher Rye Essays

The Catcher in the Rye - Holden and Modern Teenagers The characteristics of Holden from the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, will be compared to the "modern teenager". The characteristics of both sets of teenagers are basically similar, but in some parts, they are different. I chose myself as the modern teenager to be compared to Holden. There will be four major subjects to be talked about in the essay. The main subjects that are going to be discussed in this essay are academics, family, experiences and slang. I thought these four categories are interesting and easy to explain. In school, we are very similar in many ways. Both of us do not do well academically. We both have problems with grades in our classes. Holden failed four out of five of his classes while I failed none. But instead I received four "C's" from four out of eight of my classes. Although Holden has problems with grades, ironically he does well in his English. Holden stated, "I'm quite illiterate, but I read a lot." (p.18) Reading books improves your grammar and vocabulary. This was be the reason why Holden does well in his English class. I do not read much and therefore I have problems in my grammar. The family background of Holden and I are fairly similar, both of us come from opulent families. Holden and I are both very lucky to be studying in eminent institutions. Unfortunately, Holden does not take this advantage. Holden's mind is elsewhere in a reverie, day dreaming how to save the virtuous children from the evil. While studying away from his family makes Holden's relationship with his family worst. I study in a private school with my sister and we go home every day and meet our parents when we get home. Since Holden does not spend quality time with his parents long enough, he rarely talked about them in the book. Holden even wrote about his brother in a negative way, "Now he's out in Hollywood, D.B., being a prostitute."(p.2) Using the word prostitute means a lot, maybe he did not know him as much as he needed to. Unlike me, I will never insult my sister a prostitute because that is like insulting yourself.